Occupant monitoring, modelling, and simulation to improve office design and operation

Building engineers and managers often treat occupants as passive agents despite their important role in building energy performance. Meanwhile, neglecting occupants' preferences may lead to poor implementations of building controls. The overall goal of this research is to improve buildings’ energy performance and occupants’ satisfaction by considering occupant-building interactions. This research first assessed the impact of static and dynamic occupant modelling approaches in a simulation-based analysis using the existing occupant models. The results showed the discrepancies between these two approaches in predicting the energy performance. The analysis emphasized the importance of using dynamic modelling approach. Given that the existing occupant models are context-specific, the next steps of this research focused on conducting a monitoring campaign. Therefore, the various monitoring methods exist in the literature and the anecdotal evidence were critically reviewed. Among the methods, environmental conditions are more controllable as well as configuring building designs and control systems are more flexible with laboratories and virtual environments. However, researchers can achieve valuable information on the natural occupants' presence and behaviour by in-situ monitoring on a relatively large sample size at a lower cost in long-term studies. This research adopted the in-situ method in a case study. A monitoring campaign was conducted in an office building in Ottawa, Canada. The monitoring study aimed to: (1) extract lessons beneficial for buildings' operation and design, and (2) improve the existing building's operation and occupants' satisfaction. Among the various domains covered in the exploratory analysis, the occupancy-based lighting control was found not to reduce the lighting energy use and satisfy occupants. Therefore, the control system was adjusted to the manual-on/vacancy-off. The results indicated a reduction in the lighting use by a factor of seven. The exploration of several fundamental occupant modelling issues revealed that start date and duration of a study are influential factors on the reliability of models. The findings of this research indicate the great potential of considering occupant-building interactions for the betterment of buildings’ energy performance and occupants’ satisfaction.