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This study of mostly British and German but also Dutch, and American initiatives to end the war by negotiation before Hitler invaded the West examines Chamberlain's exploration of a settlement with the German resistance. Chamberlain expected an immediate economic collapse of Germany and Hitler's replacement by right-wing conservative/military elements. Their failure to dislodge Hitler should not detract from the significance of the negotiations and the light they throw on both Chamberlain's policy of appeasement and war aims. During the Phony War, Chamberlain's minimum conditions for a settlement increased as his faith in the German resistance's ability to depose Hitler and form a trustworthy Government diminished.